JAVA面向对象编程(核心类)

String s1 = "Hello!";

String s2 = new String(new char[] {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '!'});

// String
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String s = "Hello";
        System.out.println(s);
        s = s.toUpperCase();
        System.out.println(s);
    }
}

// String
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String s1 = "hello";
        String s2 = "hello";
        System.out.println(s1 == s2);
        System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));
    }
}

// String
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String s1 = "hello";
        String s2 = "HELLO".toLowerCase();
        System.out.println(s1 == s2);
        System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));
    }
}

// 是否包含子串:
"Hello".contains("ll"); // true

"Hello".indexOf("l"); // 2
"Hello".lastIndexOf("l"); // 3
"Hello".startsWith("He"); // true
"Hello".endsWith("lo"); // true

"Hello".substring(2); // "llo"
"Hello".substring(2, 4); "ll"

"  \tHello\r\n ".trim(); // "Hello"

"\u3000Hello\u3000".strip(); // "Hello"
" Hello ".stripLeading(); // "Hello "
" Hello ".stripTrailing(); // " Hello"

"".isEmpty(); // true，因为字符串长度为0
"  ".isEmpty(); // false，因为字符串长度不为0
"  \n".isBlank(); // true，因为只包含空白字符
" Hello ".isBlank(); // false，因为包含非空白字符

String s = "hello";
s.replace('l', 'w'); // "hewwo"，所有字符'l'被替换为'w'
s.replace("ll", "~~"); // "he~~o"，所有子串"ll"被替换为"~~"

String s = "A,,B;C ,D";
s.replaceAll("[\\,\\;\\s]+", ","); // "A,B,C,D"

String s = "A,B,C,D";
String[] ss = s.split("\\,"); // {"A", "B", "C", "D"}

String[] arr = {"A", "B", "C"};
String s = String.join("***", arr); // "A***B***C"

// String
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String s = "Hi %s, your score is %d!";
        System.out.println(s.formatted("Alice", 80));
        System.out.println(String.format("Hi %s, your score is %.2f!", "Bob", 59.5));
    }
}

String.valueOf(123); // "123"
String.valueOf(45.67); // "45.67"
String.valueOf(true); // "true"
String.valueOf(new Object()); // 类似java.lang.Object@636be97c

int n1 = Integer.parseInt("123"); // 123
int n2 = Integer.parseInt("ff", 16); // 按十六进制转换，255

boolean b1 = Boolean.parseBoolean("true"); // true
boolean b2 = Boolean.parseBoolean("FALSE"); // false

Integer.getInteger("java.version"); // 版本号，11

char[] cs = "Hello".toCharArray(); // String -> char[]
String s = new String(cs); // char[] -> String

// String <-> char[]
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        char[] cs = "Hello".toCharArray();
        String s = new String(cs);
        System.out.println(s);
        cs[0] = 'X';
        System.out.println(s);
    }
}

// int[]
import java.util.Arrays;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] scores = new int[] { 88, 77, 51, 66 };
        Score s = new Score(scores);
        s.printScores();
        scores[2] = 99;
        s.printScores();
    }
}

class Score {
    private int[] scores;
    public Score(int[] scores) {
        this.scores = scores;
    }

    public void printScores() {
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(scores));
    }
}

byte[] b1 = "Hello".getBytes(); // 按系统默认编码转换，不推荐
byte[] b2 = "Hello".getBytes("UTF-8"); // 按UTF-8编码转换
byte[] b2 = "Hello".getBytes("GBK"); // 按GBK编码转换
byte[] b3 = "Hello".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8); // 按UTF-8编码转换

byte[] b = ...
String s1 = new String(b, "GBK"); // 按GBK转换
String s2 = new String(b, StandardCharsets.UTF_8); // 按UTF-8转换

public final class String {
    private final char[] value;
    private final int offset;
    private final int count;
}

public final class String {
    private final byte[] value;
    private final byte coder; // 0 = LATIN1, 1 = UTF16

String s = "";
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
    s = s + "," + i;
}

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(1024);
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
    sb.append(',');
    sb.append(i);
}
String s = sb.toString();

// 链式操作
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        var sb = new StringBuilder(1024);
        sb.append("Mr ")
          .append("Bob")
          .append("!")
          .insert(0, "Hello, ");
        System.out.println(sb.toString());
    }
}

// 链式操作
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Adder adder = new Adder();
        adder.add(3)
             .add(5)
             .inc()
             .add(10);
        System.out.println(adder.value());
    }
}

class Adder {
    private int sum = 0;

    public Adder add(int n) {
        sum += n;
        return this;
    }

    public Adder inc() {
        sum ++;
        return this;
    }

    public int value() {
        return sum;
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String[] fields = { "name", "position", "salary" };
        String table = "employee";
        String insert = buildInsertSql(table, fields);
        System.out.println(insert);
        String s = "INSERT INTO employee (name, position, salary) VALUES (?, ?, ?)";
        System.out.println(s.equals(insert) ? "测试成功" : "测试失败");
    }

    static String buildInsertSql(String table, String[] fields) {
        // TODO:
        return "";
    }
}

// 输出: Hello Bob, Alice, Grace!
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String[] names = {"Bob", "Alice", "Grace"};
        var sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.append("Hello ");
        for (String name : names) {
            sb.append(name).append(", ");
        }
        // 注意去掉最后的", ":
        sb.delete(sb.length() - 2, sb.length());
        sb.append("!");
        System.out.println(sb.toString());
    }
}

import java.util.StringJoiner;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String[] names = {"Bob", "Alice", "Grace"};
        var sj = new StringJoiner(", ");
        for (String name : names) {
            sj.add(name);
        }
        System.out.println(sj.toString());
    }
}

import java.util.StringJoiner;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String[] names = {"Bob", "Alice", "Grace"};
        var sj = new StringJoiner(", ", "Hello ", "!");
        for (String name : names) {
            sj.add(name);
        }
        System.out.println(sj.toString());
    }
}

String[] names = {"Bob", "Alice", "Grace"};
var s = String.join(", ", names);

import java.util.StringJoiner;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String[] fields = { "name", "position", "salary" };
        String table = "employee";
        String select = buildSelectSql(table, fields);
        System.out.println(select);
        System.out.println("SELECT name, position, salary FROM employee".equals(select) ? "测试成功" : "测试失败");
    }

    static String buildSelectSql(String table, String[] fields) {
        // TODO:
        return "";
    }
}

String s = null;
int n = null; // compile error!

public class Integer {
    private int value;

    public Integer(int value) {
        this.value = value;
    }

    public int intValue() {
        return this.value;
    }
}

Integer n = null;
Integer n2 = new Integer(99);
int n3 = n2.intValue();

// Integer:
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int i = 100;
        // 通过new操作符创建Integer实例(不推荐使用,会有编译警告):
        Integer n1 = new Integer(i);
        // 通过静态方法valueOf(int)创建Integer实例:
        Integer n2 = Integer.valueOf(i);
        // 通过静态方法valueOf(String)创建Integer实例:
        Integer n3 = Integer.valueOf("100");
        System.out.println(n3.intValue());
    }
}

int i = 100;
Integer n = Integer.valueOf(i);
int x = n.intValue();

Integer n = 100; // 编译器自动使用Integer.valueOf(int)
int x = n; // 编译器自动使用Integer.intValue()

// NullPointerException
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Integer n = null;
        int i = n;
    }
}

public final class Integer {
    private final int value;
}

// == or equals?
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Integer x = 127;
        Integer y = 127;
        Integer m = 99999;
        Integer n = 99999;
        System.out.println("x == y: " + (x==y)); // true
        System.out.println("m == n: " + (m==n)); // false
        System.out.println("x.equals(y): " + x.equals(y)); // true
        System.out.println("m.equals(n): " + m.equals(n)); // true
    }
}

int x1 = Integer.parseInt("100"); // 100
int x2 = Integer.parseInt("100", 16); // 256,因为按16进制解析

// Integer:
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(Integer.toString(100)); // "100",表示为10进制
        System.out.println(Integer.toString(100, 36)); // "2s",表示为36进制
        System.out.println(Integer.toHexString(100)); // "64",表示为16进制
        System.out.println(Integer.toOctalString(100)); // "144",表示为8进制
        System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(100)); // "1100100",表示为2进制
    }
}

// boolean只有两个值true/false，其包装类型只需要引用Boolean提供的静态字段:
Boolean t = Boolean.TRUE;
Boolean f = Boolean.FALSE;
// int可表示的最大/最小值:
int max = Integer.MAX_VALUE; // 2147483647
int min = Integer.MIN_VALUE; // -2147483648
// long类型占用的bit和byte数量:
int sizeOfLong = Long.SIZE; // 64 (bits)
int bytesOfLong = Long.BYTES; // 8 (bytes)

// 向上转型为Number:
Number num = new Integer(999);
// 获取byte, int, long, float, double:
byte b = num.byteValue();
int n = num.intValue();
long ln = num.longValue();
float f = num.floatValue();
double d = num.doubleValue();

// Byte
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        byte x = -1;
        byte y = 127;
        System.out.println(Byte.toUnsignedInt(x)); // 255
        System.out.println(Byte.toUnsignedInt(y)); // 127
    }
}

public class Person {
    private String name;
    private int age;

    public String getName() { return this.name; }
    public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }

    public int getAge() { return this.age; }
    public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; }
}

// 读方法:
public Type getXyz()
// 写方法:
public void setXyz(Type value)

// 读方法:
public boolean isChild()
// 写方法:
public void setChild(boolean value)

public class Person {
    private String name;
    private int age;

    public String getName() { return this.name; }
    public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }

    public int getAge() { return this.age; }
    public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; }

    public boolean isChild() {
        return age <= 6;
    }
}

public class Person {
    private String name;
    private int age;
}

import java.beans.*;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        BeanInfo info = Introspector.getBeanInfo(Person.class);
        for (PropertyDescriptor pd : info.getPropertyDescriptors()) {
            System.out.println(pd.getName());
            System.out.println("  " + pd.getReadMethod());
            System.out.println("  " + pd.getWriteMethod());
        }
    }
}

class Person {
    private String name;
    private int age;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
}

public class Weekday {
    public static final int SUN = 0;
    public static final int MON = 1;
    public static final int TUE = 2;
    public static final int WED = 3;
    public static final int THU = 4;
    public static final int FRI = 5;
    public static final int SAT = 6;
}

if (day == Weekday.SAT || day == Weekday.SUN) {
    // TODO: work at home
}

public class Color {
    public static final String RED = "r";
    public static final String GREEN = "g";
    public static final String BLUE = "b";
}

String color = ...
if (Color.RED.equals(color)) {
    // TODO:
}

if (weekday == 6 || weekday == 7) {
    if (tasks == Weekday.MON) {
        // TODO:
    }
}

// enum
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Weekday day = Weekday.SUN;
        if (day == Weekday.SAT || day == Weekday.SUN) {
            System.out.println("Work at home!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Work at office!");
        }
    }
}

enum Weekday {
    SUN, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT;
}

int day = 1;
if (day == Weekday.SUN) { // Compile error: bad operand types for binary operator '=='
}

Weekday x = Weekday.SUN; // ok!
Weekday y = Color.RED; // Compile error: incompatible types

if (day == Weekday.FRI) { // ok!
}
if (day.equals(Weekday.SUN)) { // ok, but more code!
}

public enum Color {
    RED, GREEN, BLUE;
}

public final class Color extends Enum { // 继承自Enum，标记为final class
    // 每个实例均为全局唯一:
    public static final Color RED = new Color();
    public static final Color GREEN = new Color();
    public static final Color BLUE = new Color();
    // private构造方法，确保外部无法调用new操作符:
    private Color() {}
}

String s = Weekday.SUN.name(); // "SUN"

int n = Weekday.MON.ordinal(); // 1

public enum Weekday {
    SUN, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT;
}

public enum Weekday {
    MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN;
}

String task = Weekday.MON.ordinal() + "/ppt";
saveToFile(task);

// enum
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Weekday day = Weekday.SUN;
        if (day.dayValue == 6 || day.dayValue == 0) {
            System.out.println("Work at home!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Work at office!");
        }
    }
}

enum Weekday {
    MON(1), TUE(2), WED(3), THU(4), FRI(5), SAT(6), SUN(0);

    public final int dayValue;

    private Weekday(int dayValue) {
        this.dayValue = dayValue;
    }
}

// enum
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Weekday day = Weekday.SUN;
        if (day.dayValue == 6 || day.dayValue == 0) {
            System.out.println("Today is " + day + ". Work at home!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Today is " + day + ". Work at office!");
        }
    }
}

enum Weekday {
    MON(1, "星期一"), TUE(2, "星期二"), WED(3, "星期三"), THU(4, "星期四"), FRI(5, "星期五"), SAT(6, "星期六"), SUN(0, "星期日");

    public final int dayValue;
    private final String chinese;

    private Weekday(int dayValue, String chinese) {
        this.dayValue = dayValue;
        this.chinese = chinese;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return this.chinese;
    }
}

// switch
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Weekday day = Weekday.SUN;
        switch(day) {
        case MON:
        case TUE:
        case WED:
        case THU:
        case FRI:
            System.out.println("Today is " + day + ". Work at office!");
            break;
        case SAT:
        case SUN:
            System.out.println("Today is " + day + ". Work at home!");
            break;
        default:
            throw new RuntimeException("cannot process " + day);
        }
    }
}

enum Weekday {
    MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN;
}

public final class Point {
    private final int x;
    private final int y;

    public Point(int x, int y) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }

    public int x() {
        return this.x;
    }

    public int y() {
        return this.y;
    }
}

// Record
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Point p = new Point(123, 456);
        System.out.println(p.x());
        System.out.println(p.y());
        System.out.println(p);
    }
}

record Point(int x, int y) {}

record Point(int x, int y) {}

final class Point extends Record {
    private final int x;
    private final int y;

    public Point(int x, int y) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }

    public int x() {
        return this.x;
    }

    public int y() {
        return this.y;
    }

    public String toString() {
        return String.format("Point[x=%s, y=%s]", x, y);
    }

    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        ...
    }
    public int hashCode() {
        ...
    }
}

public record Point(int x, int y) {
    public Point {
        if (x < 0 || y < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
    }
}

public final class Point extends Record {
    public Point(int x, int y) {
        // 这是我们编写的Compact Constructor:
        if (x < 0 || y < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
        // 这是编译器继续生成的赋值代码:
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }
    ...
}

public record Point(int x, int y) {
    public static Point of() {
        return new Point(0, 0);
    }
    public static Point of(int x, int y) {
        return new Point(x, y);
    }
}

var z = Point.of();
var p = Point.of(123, 456);

BigInteger bi = new BigInteger("1234567890");
System.out.println(bi.pow(5)); // 2867971860299718107233761438093672048294900000

BigInteger i1 = new BigInteger("1234567890");
BigInteger i2 = new BigInteger("12345678901234567890");
BigInteger sum = i1.add(i2); // 12345678902469135780

BigInteger i = new BigInteger("123456789000");
System.out.println(i.longValue()); // 123456789000
System.out.println(i.multiply(i).longValueExact()); // java.lang.ArithmeticException: BigInteger out of long range

// BigInteger to float
import java.math.BigInteger;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        BigInteger n = new BigInteger("999999").pow(99);
        float f = n.floatValue();
        System.out.println(f); // Infinity
    }
}

BigDecimal d1 = new BigDecimal("123.456");
BigDecimal d2 = new BigDecimal("123.45600");
System.out.println(d1.equals(d2)); // false,因为scale不同
System.out.println(d1.equals(d2.stripTrailingZeros())); // true,因为d2去除尾部0后scale变为3
System.out.println(d1.compareTo(d2)); // 0 = 相等, -1 = d1 < d2, 1 = d1 > d2

public class BigDecimal extends Number implements Comparable<BigDecimal> {
    private final BigInteger intVal;
    private final int scale;
}

Math.abs(-100); // 100
Math.abs(-7.8); // 7.8

Math.max(100, 99); // 100
Math.min(1.2, 2.3); // 1.2

Math.pow(2, 10); // 2的10次方=1024

Math.sqrt(2); // 1.414...

Math.exp(2); // 7.389...

Math.log(4); // 1.386...

Math.log10(100); // 2

Math.sin(3.14); // 0.00159...
Math.cos(3.14); // -0.9999...
Math.tan(3.14); // -0.0015...
Math.asin(1.0); // 1.57079...
Math.acos(1.0); // 0.0

double pi = Math.PI; // 3.14159...
double e = Math.E; // 2.7182818...
Math.sin(Math.PI / 6); // sin(π/6) = 0.5

Math.random(); // 0.53907... 每次都不一样

// 区间在[MIN, MAX)的随机数
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        double x = Math.random(); // x的范围是[0,1)
        double min = 10;
        double max = 50;
        double y = x * (max - min) + min; // y的范围是[10,50)
        long n = (long) y; // n的范围是[10,50)的整数
        System.out.println(y);
        System.out.println(n);
    }
}

import java.util.HexFormat;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        byte[] data = "Hello".getBytes();
        HexFormat hf = HexFormat.of();
        String hexData = hf.formatHex(data); // 48656c6c6f
    }
}

// 分隔符为空格，添加前缀0x，大写字母:
HexFormat hf = HexFormat.ofDelimiter(" ").withPrefix("0x").withUpperCase();
hf.formatHex("Hello".getBytes())); // 0x48 0x65 0x6C 0x6C 0x6F

Random r = new Random();
r.nextInt(); // 2071575453,每次都不一样
r.nextInt(10); // 5,生成一个[0,10)之间的int
r.nextLong(); // 8811649292570369305,每次都不一样
r.nextFloat(); // 0.54335...生成一个[0,1)之间的float
r.nextDouble(); // 0.3716...生成一个[0,1)之间的double

import java.util.Random;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Random r = new Random(12345);
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            System.out.println(r.nextInt(100));
        }
        // 51, 80, 41, 28, 55...
    }
}

SecureRandom sr = new SecureRandom();
System.out.println(sr.nextInt(100));

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SecureRandom sr = null;
        try {
            sr = SecureRandom.getInstanceStrong(); // 获取高强度安全随机数生成器
        } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
            sr = new SecureRandom(); // 获取普通的安全随机数生成器
        }
        byte[] buffer = new byte[16];
        sr.nextBytes(buffer); // 用安全随机数填充buffer
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(buffer));
    }
}